Gun Violence in Canada

Gun violence in Canada is an issue which is evident within Canadian society, especially in the last year. The shooting in the Eaton’s Centre in Toronto recently was the largest mass shooting in its history. The reason behind the shooting was related to gang violence in the area, therefore there is a social issue that demands solution. Gun violence in Canada is generally on the low end of the overall crime rate, and in recent years the severity of crime was down four percent, but this does not mean there is no reason for alarm anymore.A Statistics Canada study on criminal code statistics offer misleading information on the severity of the situation, this includes gun violence. A past Statistics Canada study based on 2009 data showed that only 31 percent of the most common types of crimes were reported, therefore there is 69 percent that has not been recorded leaving a gap in the knowledge we have about the true violence within Canada (Ottawa Citizen,2012). Gun violence is as Gl obal Mail see’s it an expression on manly rage, but I do not agree with this accusation.Gun violence in Canada is a social issue in relation to gang violence, and although this crime rate is not on the rise it cannot be taken lightly and it is not to be blamed as an expression of manly rage also known as pistolization. As the Globe and Mail states two weeks after the shooting in Toronto’s Eaton’s Centre, Police Chief Bill Blair sees the gang violence at its root (Globe and Mail, Aug 2012). Gang violence is the cause for the largest mass shooting Toronto has ever seen, but it is also the basis for any other reported shooting in the Toronto area, along with the rest of Canada.The solution is to prevent the young men in and around the communities with the highest recorded gang violence from joining or going down the path of gang violence. Catching them at a young age is easy, young men are easily influenced and this is generally how they join a gang in the first pl ace. Therefore, if society gives those who are in a higher risked neighbourhood the attention they need, gang violence may decrease. With this decrease will come the decrease of criminal rates, this includes gun violence.Young men who are brought up in a home with risk factors such as domestic abuse and alcoholism are prone to being initiated into a gang. Solutions such as summer employment programs are the best options for these kids. Helping these children may also change Canadians views on the issue of gun violence. People’s impressions of crime are formed by more than what is captured by official crime stats (Ottawa Citizen, 2012). Statistics Canada does not report all they are informed about, Canadians then take what they hear on the news and what they experience for themselves when understanding violence, this gives them a false understanding.People are not that concerned for their own general safety, this may be because of how little we know but at least from what we d o understand we are trying to change. It would be the best viable option if Canadians were to be informed more in terms of violence in Canada. Crime is a problem even if crime rates are diminishing, and although many of us are not in imminent danger we still need to change for the future. That is why dealing with young men before they curb to the norms of gang violence would be the best long lasting solution.In opposition to this belief, blaming gun violence in Canada on pistolization is not the most appropriate way in dealing with this issue. Although it is obvious that gun crimes are nearly always perpetrated by men does not mean that gun violence is a problem of men’s social-psychological dimensions (Globe and Mail, July 2012). We live in a culture that gun violence is all over the media, whether it be in video games or in movies. There is proof that men tend to be more susceptible to any sort of violence, but just because gun violence falls under this category does not me an there is a social psychological problem.Women can be part of the same crimes as men, the only reason the rate for women is lower is because we still live in a society where the media is still geared towards men. It is also unwise to believe that gun violence coming from men is a form of status anxiety and that the culture has been significantly shaped by pistolization and guns are being used as a weapon for acting out (Globe and Mail, July 2012). Blaming gun violence in Canada on drug dealing because there is no form of legal recourse is a scapegoat.It is true that drug deals can be violent if a merchandiser or customer of drugs does not live up to their end of the bargain, but to blame gun violence in Canada on this is inappropriate. It would be understandable if one was in Columbia, due to the amount of cocaine that is imported and exported from there, but Canada has never been one of the top countries in drug solicitation. These issues are complex, and they are merely speculat ions of the plausible explanation of gun violence in Canada.Gun violence in Canada is not to be blamed on expression of manly rage which is pistolization; it instead is due to the social issue in relation to gang violence and diminishing crime rates. Gang violence is the leading cause to gun violence in Canada, the best long lasting solution to ensure that crime rates do not raise is to deal with young men before they are influenced into joining a gang. Crime rates from Statistics Canada give a false apparition into the true violence that is evident in Canada.Both the media and government know either too much or too little but whatever the case may be they are not giving the full story to the Canadian public. Canadians are little concerned with their safety due to the diminutive knowledge they have been given. Their impression of Canada may change if they had the whole story, but this is not the case. The blame of gun violence being either because of pistolization or drug abuse in C anada is not a viable argument. In turn, gun violence in Canada is due to gang violence and is best dealt with in the neighbourhoods with higher rated crimes before they grow in numbers and moved on to new communities.

Benefits and Risks of Using the Internet Essay

What are the benefits and risks of using the Internet as a source of informationwhen writing assignments for Master’s programmes? Searching for information on the Internet is a methodology when writing essays for Master’s programmes. Obviously, both the advantages and disadvantages of this methodology can be found. The merits of using the Internet are obvious. It is very likely that MSc students are able to find more materials on the Internet quickly and conveniently. The huge amount of information is just a click away from the assignment writers. As for MSc students, they can search the e-library of their university and other data base from around the world. Furthermore, all of this work can be done at home within few minutes. Besides, the information on the Internet is always more vivid than that in books, because the forms of information are various. There are video materials, audio materials, image materials and so on. In these forms, it is more easily for students to understand the theoretical content of their programmes, because Master’s programmes are hard to understand. On the other hand, I would agree that there are drawbacks to using the Internet. Admittedly, because of convenience, the writers tend to rely on souce materials instead of creating by themselves. What’s worse, some writers even plagiarize other people achievements. In addition, some materials from the Internet may be inaccurate or even wrong, which might mislead MSc students. In sum, students are the beneficiaries of the Internet, although misusing the Internet as a source of information is harmful. Therefore, MSc students should use the Internet carefully in terms of finding source materials for assignment.

What Does it Cost to Attend Emerson College?

The price of college is on the rise—according to CNN Money , between 2015 and 2017, the cost of attending a public university grew by $900 while the price of private college increased by $1,760. On average, the expense of a four-year college degree is now $56,840 for residents at public colleges and $104,400 at private, non-profit institutions. For students attending top-flight institutions like Emerson College, the price can be even higher. With prices soaring into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, it’s no wonder why the cost of college is on the minds of so many students and parents. However, before expense-induced anxiety sets in, know that the majority of students do not pay the published price at Emerson or any other institution for that matter. College costs are based on a variety of factors unique to individual students, making them difficult to predict; this also makes an institution’s published price a poor indicator of its actual cost. Net price is a better metric for understanding the real cost of college—the amount of aid awarded to a student through federal, state, and local government, institutional aid, and awards for merit are all calculated into the net price, making it much more effective for illustrating what an individual student will pay for school. Keep reading to learn about the factors that affect college costs, what those costs are at Emerson College, and to pick up some tips for reducing the expense of your education. The list price, sometimes called cost of attendance, at Emerson in 2016-2017 was $62,515. Since Emerson College is a private institution, the price (which includes tuition, room, and board) is the same for both in- and out-of-state students. While $62,515 a year puts Emerson at the top-end of colleges when ranked by cost, keep in mind that most students do not pay the published price. Normally, students paying full price are from wealthy families with annual incomes exceeding $175,000 and who are outside of the top 30% of accepted students academically. The financial aid net price of an institution is calculated by tallying the need-based financial aid received by a student through grants and scholarships and deducting it from the list price of the college or university. The average net cost of Emerson for students receiving financial aid is $57,478. One of the predominant factors in determining how much financial aid a student will receive is their financial need. Typically, the lower the income level of a student’s family, the more financial aid they will receive. To give you an idea of what to expect to pay for Emerson, here are the average net prices for a student based on household income: Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Merit aid is a type of aid awarded regardless of financial need, and it’s commonly given to students for achievements in the classroom, on the athletic field, or on stage though it can be granted for any number of reasons. The merit aid net price of a school is calculated by adding up any merit aid given to a student and subtracting it from the list price of the institution. In a survey of over 1,000 schools for merit aid generosity, Emerson ranked 526th. 36.2% of Emerson students without financial need receive merit aid and the average amount awarded to a student without need is $5,383—bringing the cost of attending Emerson College to $57,132 for students without financial need. Even after need-based grants and merit-based scholarships, students often need additional help paying for college. Many of these students turn to loans and Emerson students are no exception: 68% of Emerson students have loans, with the average amount borrowed via federal student loans being $7,464. One of the better ways to gauge how well a college will return on your investment is by knowing its outcomes. 79% of Emerson students graduate within six years of matriculating. The average salary after ten years for Emerson alumni is $46,600, which is just about even with the income of the average U.S. worker . The location of a college can also have an effect on total cost—housing, transportation, and grocery prices are just a few everyday expenses that vary from place to place and can add up over the course of four years. Boston, Massachusetts, (home of Emerson College) placed 10th on Kiplinger’s Most Expensive U.S. Cities to Live In 2019 . The cost of living index in Boston is 181.6 , meaning that it’s 81.6% more expensive to live in Boston than the average U.S. city or town. One of the primary factors for Boston’s high cost of living is housing, which is 213.9% higher than the national average. Students entering Emerson are required to live on campus for their first six semesters at school. Housing is not guaranteed for students after they fulfill their residency requirement, meaning many students will end up living off-campus during their time at Emerson. Here is what those students can expect to pay for an apartment in Boston: Emerson College’s Off-Campus Student Services can help with a variety of issues that off-campus students may encounter, from finding a roommate to learning how to cook. A part-time job is a popular way for students to offset some of the expense of college while attending. Boston provides a wide range of opportunities for students, including service positions, front desk jobs, and retail work. Massachusetts has one of the nation’s higher minimum wages at $12 an hour. Emerson has a robust Student Employment Program —at Emerson, three times more students are employed through this program than through the Federal Work Study program—designed to give students transferable skills relevant to their field of study. Available to any qualifying undergraduate, these positions are funded by individual departments at Emerson and are not related to any financial assistance programs. Scholarships are another excellent avenue for students to take toward reducing the cost of college. Some of Emerson’s scholarships, like the Luminary Scholarship and the Spotlight Scholarship, require no additional application (aside from the application to attend) for consideration. Other awards, like the Trustees Scholarship, necessitate an additional honors program application to be considered. Private scholarships also provide a path to reduce the expense of Emerson. The college maintains a webpage listing a host of scholarship opportunities available to Emerson students. One private scholarship prospective Emerson students should investigate is the National Merit Scholarship, which is awarded to top scorers on the PSAT/NMSQT. This award is given to roughly 7,500 students annually—winners receive a $2,500 one-time scholarship. Interested in learning more about this distinguished award? Read our article How to Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship Program . College finances can be confusing, but they don’t have to be. Our College Applications Program can help simplify the expense of higher education. We help students understand the real cost of college—including what they can expect to earn and owe when they graduate. Additionally, we can help students keep the cost of college down by discovering and applying for scholarships. On average, our students receive $25,000 more in scholarship awards than non- users.  

Company G Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company G Marketing Plan - Essay Example The product is primarily a portable Global Positioning System (GPS) device, which provides the information in "real-life" three dimensional graphics providing enhanced user experience, and is much easier to use than similar conventional devices. The interactive touch screen provides a video game arcade feel, which is closer to real-life than any other similar product. The device can be mounted on the driver dashboard of a car. Unlike conventional GPS devices, this appliance will be able to retrieve map information even when surrounded by tall buildings during city driving. There will be several add-on optional features to make it a convergence device. It can be detached easily from the car, and can be synchronized with the user's home/ office computer. As a safety measure, the device can be used as an internet browser only when it is removed from its dock on the car dashboard. It uses a revolutionary wireless technology to download internet content at a speed three times higher than other conventional devices, and can be used for playing songs in the car as well. It can communicate with other devices using Bluetooth and infrared technologies to transfer content. Users can subscribe to online services, which will enable them to search and find any geographic location online (e.g., restaurant). The product line has bee... It can communicate with other devices using Bluetooth and infrared technologies to transfer content. Users can subscribe to online services, which will enable them to search and find any geographic location online (e.g., restaurant). The product line has been developed by the product designers as a sleek elegant device in twin-tone colors available in black-red, blue-white, and black-yellow combinations. The product line has been christened by the marketing team as "Rubicon". The product features and benefits are given in the table below. Table 2-1 Features & Benefits Features Benefits 3-D visuals with "real-life" feel Easier navigability Twin tone metallic color Elegant look enhancing buyer satisfaction Three color choices Will match most car interiors Faster wireless No "breaking" of images and songs during travel Online song availability Latest song downloads Internet availability Information on the move Interactive touch screen Easier usage during driving Better signal Can navigate even when surrounded by tall buildings inside the city Distribution The company currently has a wide dealer network. Its existing products are distributed through small retail shops as well as large chains of retail shops. Its distribution network also includes specialty retail shops (electronics shops). The products are also available online through various dealer websites. The existing distribution will be through company's existing distribution network. Additional specialty retails shops (automobile accessories) shall be added to the network for this product. Direct sales efforts shall be undertaken to achieve penetration in the car rental industry, and in the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) industry. Price Rubicon shall be priced at a premium to the existing

Medication Adherence in Elders Research Proposal

Medication Adherence in Elders - Research Proposal Example Medical adherence has been defined by Osterberg & Blaschke, (2005) as â€Å"the extent to which patients take medications as prescribed by their health care providers†. It has been reported as a crucial factor determining the health and well being of elderly population by the World Health Organization (Chung et al., 2008). The issue has been reported to have high prevalence varying from 8-71%, 13-93% during various studies. It has been estimated to result in huge economic burden as well as high mortality (Unni, 2008). Recent evidences indicate that only 50% of the prescribed doses are actually taken by individuals diagnosed with chronic diseases. Of these patients approximately 22% take medication in quantities lesser than the amount recommended, 12% do not fill their prescription and 12% buy the medication but forego them entirely. Though race, ethnicity and age have not been reported to be a risk factor for medication non-adherence, the issue is rendered critical among elder ly patients due to the high vulnerability of this age group to chronic illnesses (Kocureck, 2009). In the light of above discussion the importance of research investigating the various aspects of the medication adherence in elderly population is highlighted. The current research aims to examine the prevalence rates of medication adherence in elderly population. Literature Review High prevalence and large economic burden of medical non adherence has led to extensive studies and investigations enabling an understanding of the issue and devising adherence strategies. However despite the prolific research conducted during the last three decades an optimal strategy is lacking and hence the prevalence rates for non adherence are still on a rise. An estimated 100 billion dollar remains the annual cost of dealing with complications such as hospitalization, disability, disease aggravation mortality etc resulting as a consequence of non adherence (Wertheimer & Santella, 2003). On the basis of causes of non-adherence two types of medication non-adherence have been identified: intentional and unintentional. While the latter has been attributed to forgetfulness or incidental causes; the former is usually reported in patients who have been taking medications but discontinue upon feeling better or worse. However later research has shown that patient’s belief is an important contributor to forgetfulness in taking medication rendering ‘forgetting to take medication’ not a purely unintentional type of non-adherence (Unni, 2008). The major obstacles to medication resulting in non-adherence include forgetfulness, different priorities, deliberate omission of doses, information deficit and certain psychological factors. While the aforementioned factors are at least partially under the control of patients, certain factors such as cost, patient lifestyle inconsistent with medication timing and complex medication regime are important contributing factors attributed to the health care provider (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005). Six patterns of medication adherence have been identified in patients with chronic diseases. First group adheres to the prescribed doses and timings fully, second is characterized by delays but with complete doses, third miss a single doses occasionally and also are inconsistent with

Philopsphy paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philopsphy - Term Paper Example This paper applies these two theories of ethics on particular concrete cases. The cases are, keeping/breaking a promise, abortion, and Euthanasia. As sources of information, two books are used: Practical Ethics, by Peter Singer, and Ground Work of the Metaphysics of Morals, by Emmanuel Kant. Before applying the two ethical theories to the above cases, it is important to first give an overview of each of the theories. To begin with, the utilitarian theory of ethics is an end based theory. In other words, in determining the morality of an action, the proponents of utilitarian theory will focus on the end result of the action, and if the end product of the action will result in greater good to the majority of people, i.e. if the action will maximize happiness for the majority, then the action is a morally right action (Singer, 3). On the contrary, if the action diminishes happiness, or makes the majority of people to suffer, then the action is morally wrong. Deontological theory of Ethi cs on the other hand is based on the law or the duty ( Kant, 13-15). This means that an action is regarded as being morally right if it is done in accordance with the requirements of the law, or in fulfilment of one’s obligation. ... tological theory of Ethics, the main question that we should ask ourselves is whether or not the act of breaking or keeping the promise is in line with our obligations or the law. Emmanuel Kant, one of the main proponents of deontological theory of Ethics argues, in his famous categorical imperative, that before taking an action, we should ask ourselves whether we would wish our manner of acting to be made into a universal law applicable to all similar cases (Kant, 18). Kant, therefore, is of the view that we have the obligation to treat others as we would like to be treated. In this sense, breaking a promise that we have made is morally wrong because we would also not like somebody who has promised us something to fail to keep their promise. We should always keep our promises since we have an obligation to fulfil what we have promised to do. A utilitarian on the other hand would base their judgement on the consequence or the end result of either breaking or keeping ones promise. If the action will maximize the interests of the majority, then the action is morally right, and on the contrary, if the action will result in diminishing happiness to the majority of people, then the act is morally wrong. On this basis, a utilitarian wouldn’t give a definitive answer on whether the act of keeping or breaking a promise is intrinsically wrong or right. A utilitarian will conclude that the morality of the action of either keeping or breaking a promise will greatly depend on the particular circumstance at hand. If the circumstance is such that keeping or breaking a promise will lead to greater happiness for the majority, then the action is morally right and if the action will lead to suffering of the majority of people, then the action is morally wrong. Abortion The main

Loaded Spring Oscillator, Hooke's Law Assignment

Loaded Spring Oscillator, Hooke's Law - Assignment Example The motion involves attachment of simple harmonic oscillator to the spring with the other end on the wall or any other rigid support system. The oscillator’s motion is repetitive at constant frequency hence periodic (Serway & Jewett, 2006 p 54). When the oscillator passes through the equilibrium its velocity is maximum and zero when passing through the extreme positions in its oscillation. The acceleration experienced by the oscillator is proportional to the negative of its displacement from the midpoint of its motion. A system in equilibrium and at rest has no net force acting on the mass. Displacement of the mass from equilibrium causes a restoring elastic force which obeys Hooke’s to be exerted by the spring. The restoring force F, is found by multiplying the spring constant K, to the displacement from equilibrium x; F=-Kx. The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load applied to it. This is referred to the Hooke’s Law of elasticity. The mater ial’s elastic limit is the maximum load that when exceeded the material will not be able to gain its original form. Therefore, Hooke’s Law do not apply on the material. The elastic limit varies among the materials. The materials following Hooke’s Law are known as Hookean materials or linear elastic materials. The materials regain their original form after deformation by the load on it. In the formulae used to determine Hooke’s Law a negative sign is added because the restoring force acts in an opposite direction of displacement. The formula was stated by Robert Hooke, a British physicist in the 17th century hence its name; Hooke’s Law. A spring of length L and cross-sectional area A, is considered a linear elastic material since its extension is linearly proportional to tits tensile stress by a constant. Materials such as rubber are regarded as non-linear or non-Hookean since the load is not proportional to the extension that occurs. The material c hanging least in extension when load is applied is regarded to have the greatest elastic force. Elasticity would be described in four ways; compression, flexure or bending, stretching or extension, torsion or twisting. Elasticity has two main kinds namely elasticity by volume and elasticity of form or shape. For example, elasticity of volume is mainly experienced by the gases and liquids. Elasticity of the two is considered perfect since when the load is applied or removed there is no lost of volume. Increase in temperature of the material would cause increased extension. Therefore, factors such as temperature are to be kept constant during the experiment to ensure the results are not misleading. The graph is expected to be as shown below: Figure 1 The springs are found to obey the Hooke’s law in combinations. Therefore the springs can be combined to cater for specific spring constant. For springs in series, the equivalent constant is equal to the following: 1/Keq = 1/K1 + 1/ K2 Therefore the equivalent spring constant is the reciprocal of the answer from above. If the springs are in parallel the equivalent spring constant is equal to the sum of the spring constants of the springs used. Keq = K1 + K2 The Apparatus The requirements for the experiment are the steel springs, tensile. Mass hangers with slotted masses, 100g. Retort stand base, rod, boss and clamp. Short length of stiff wire to combine springs in parallel. G-clamp if the retort stand base is

Effect of Using Facebook as a Teaching Tool on 7th Grade ESL Students Essay

Effect of Using Facebook as a Teaching Tool on 7th Grade ESL Students Motivation - Essay Example One of the main ideas for student motivation and involvement is the use of interactive technology. Smith (1997) has established that use of technology has positive effects on reading and writing . Further, Mayher (1990) and Littlewood (2001) has also expressed that students must be provided a sense of purpose and a sense of participation in learning. On the other hand, Childs (2009) has discussed the benefits that Facebook can yields in language learning owing to its ease and interactive features. Thus, I plan to use Facebook as a teaching tool to increase motivation and participation of my 7th grade students. The purpose of this Action Research study is to examine the effects of using Facebook as a teaching tool on the motivation level of my English class.This study will help me in developing clear understanding of such a strategy which may help my students to better participate in English reading and writing tasks.... All these are clear signs of little motivation to read and write English. On the other hand, (Littlewood, 2001) have stated that traditional teaching techniques cannot motivate Hong Kong ESL students to have higher participation and motivation in reading and writing English. Further, several studies indicate that despite a variety of teaching techniques including audio-visual have been used in Hong Kong to Teach English as a second language, predominant teaching method is lecture( (Melanie & Warhurt, 2000). Roman-Perez (2003) have described that incorporation of interactive technology reflrcted positive impact over the motivation level of the students for reading English. And I know that all of my students are using Facebook to be in contact with each other. Further, in current Web 2.0 scenario, Facebook has top ranking in SNSs (Kazeniac, 2009). Thus I assume that using Facebook as a teaching tool in a creative way can increase motivation and participation level of my ESL students. 4 . Literature Review: In order to implement my this idea of using Facebook as a teaching tool, I embark on reviewing relevant literature from five dimensions including motivation to learn, motivation to read and write, motivation to learn English among Hong Kong students, technology and motivation to read and write, and finally ,using Facebook as a teaching tool. 4.1. Motivation: Motivation is considered as a prompt and energizer in all fields of life (Mangal, 2002). It may be defined as the force that accounts for the stimulation, selection, direction, and continuation of certain behavior. Literatures on human psychology and on education have extensively discussed human motivation and student motivation in details. Similarly, majority of the educationists

Blue ocean strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blue ocean strategy - Research Paper Example Due to these underlining causes, the strategy of BOS is offered high concentration by the organizations operating in this era, among many other rival players (Kim & Mauborgne, 2013). The product, Yellow Tail of Casella Wines of Australia needs to implement the strategy of Blue Ocean as it might prove effective in developing new markets as well as wide range of customers. Other than this, by implementation of Blue Ocean strategy, the organization of Yellow Wine might offer more concentration over wine market as compared to others. This strategy might highlights its market segments in a more effective way such as wine drinkers, easy to go drinkers like beer, cocktail, soft drinks etc as well as any individual desiring to attain a refreshing feeling. However, in order to increase its range of customers or to reach beyond the existing demand, extensive promotion or campaigns is essential. Other than this, the organization of Yellow Wine is implementing Blue Ocean in order to reduce driving cost by amplifying the values of the products. This might prove extremely effective for the customers, thereby amplifying their demand and loyalty over the brand among many other rival players. By doing so, maximum extent of the customers desiring to drink wine or beer might get attracted towards the product line that may increase its productivity in the market among others. Along with this, the position and loyalty of the product line of wine might also get improved to a significant extent. Hence, due to these underlining reasons, the organization of Casella Wines might try to implement Blue Ocean strategy so as to amplify its portfolio and brand value in this competitive market among many other rival players. So, the popularity and demand of Blue Ocean Strategy is increasing day by day. Red Ocean Strategy is a strategy used to compete with the existing rival players

Compare a shared theme between the book Don Quioxote and the movie Toy Essay

Compare a shared theme between the book Don Quioxote and the movie Toy Story - Essay Example The stories about the knights have sunken deeply into his mind that, somehow, it has misshapen his sanity. He grew up idolizing knights and their gallantry and even began to dress up like one and go out on adventures or quests of his own for reasons like "My armour is my only wear, My only rest the fray"2. He had his own damsel in the person of a peasant girl from Toboso named Aldonsa Lorenzo. Alonso Quijano was so much into his character that he also made up a name for himself and had others call him Don Quixote de La Mancha. Buzz Lightyear of Toy Story, on the other hand, is so caught up in his own reality as a high-tech, space ranger, and not simply a plaything. His belief in his reality is so profound that he even believed that he could fly - a feat he was able to prove to himself and to the other toys when he tried flying with his eyes closed. Falling with style as Woody puts it. Discussing the common theme between the story of Don Quixote and the film Toy Story, one can see how the characters lived in a world of their own made-up realities. Don Quixote fed on his imaginations of the gallant knights and was even caught saying this to himself: "Who knows but that in time to come, when the veracious history of my famous deeds is made known, the sage who writes it, when he has to set forth my first sally in the early morning, will do it after this fashion"3. The effect of the books on his thinking was as deep as his wanting to become a full-fledged knight. This is stated in the book as: "Day was dawning when Don Quixote quitted the inn, so happy, so gay, so exhilarated at finding himself now dubbed a knight, that his joy was like to burst his horse-girths."4 He also went to as far as dubbing, his so-called damsel, Aldonsa Lorenzo as Dulcinea del Toboso and swearing to offer his services to this "fair lady". Along with his absurd thinking are absurd behaviors such as talking to himself and saying verses like "O Princess Dulcinea, lady of this captive heart, a grievous wrong hast thou done me to drive me forth with scorn, and with inexorable obduracy banish me from the presence of thy beauty. O lady, deign to hold in remembrance this heart, thy vassal, that thus in anguish pines for love of thee5. He also named his donkey Rosinante to add more glamour to his stature as a knight. Adding to the extremity of his fondness for chivalry and knighthood, Don Quixote looked for a squire for himself to keep track of his adventures. He promised the laborer an island just to get that loyal travel companion. "Your worship will take care, Senor Knight-errant, not to forget about the island you have promised me, for be it ever so big I'll be equal to gov erning it."6 Those and Don Quixote's other bizarre actions were all caused by too much exposure to books on chivalry and knighthood. His actions were inevitable since these are based on a strong belief which he has stated as: Thou shalt never see it again as long as thou livest7. He was too engrossed on those legends that it was almost impossible to stop him from associating everything he sees with his adventure. One incident was when he fought against what he perceived to be as monsters: "Fortune is arranging matters for us better than we could have shaped our desires ourselves, for look there, friend Sancho Panza, where thirty or more monstrous giants present themselves"8. Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote and the movie Toy Story both

Debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 Essay Example for Free

Debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 Essay Once they arrived a French spokesman demanded 32 million florins and 250,000 for talking to Talleyrand. This did not include any promise of a resolution. Furious, the American delegates left. Once they got back to America, the rest of the nation was ready for war. That undeclared war was mainly fought on the seas for two and a half years. President Adams Alien and Sedition Acts were proposed to punish the French but also to ruin the Republican Party. Adams knew that immigrants made up the Republican Party in large part from France, England and Ireland. By halting the immigration of those people, Adams could slowing get rid of Jeffersons Party. The debates for these acts were between the Federalists and the Republicans. Along with needing these immigrants to support their party, Republicans found these acts wrong. As Thomas Jefferson once said, l am not a Federalist, because I never submitted the whole system of my opinions to the creed of any party of men whatever in religion, in philosophy, in politics, or in anything else where I was capable of thinking for myself. Such an addiction is the last degradation of a free and moral agent. On the other said, the Federalists felt that they should not feel bad for France even if it is morally wrong. Alexander Hamilton said, The man who shall be the apologist of France, and [who attacks] his own government, is not an American. The choice for him lies between being deemed a fool, a madman, or a traitor. The new American position on immigration violated its policy of friendly adaptation to immigrants. Due to the Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act immigrants were afraid to live in America fearing deportation or imprisonment. The Alien Act gave the President power to deport all such aliens as he shall Judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the Untied States. The Alien Enemies Act allowed the restraint and removal in time of war or resident adult aliens of the hostile nation. The Sedition Act caused the most uproar among Americans. It infringed upon two freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. The freedoms, both included in the first amendment, were freedom of speech and freedom of press. The law said that anyone who spoke out against any government officials, including the president, would be imprisoned and fined. The act Jailed a number of Democratic Republican editors, publishers and politicians. Politicians looked to use the Acts to rid themselves nd the country ot political threats and those who expressed contrary views. Ultimately this was seen as a threat to freedom that Americans had fought so hard to win. Thomas Jefferson was afraid that if they were able to remove freedom of speech and freedom of press, they would eventually take away other constitutional promises. Jefferson could not openly protest these acts because he feared prosecution. He secretly created resolutions, which Kentucky approved in 1789 and 1799. History viewed these Acts to be the biggest blunder of Adams presidency and could have overshadowed what was considered a highly effective tenure.

Examining The Sonata Form Music Essay

Examining The Sonata Form Music Essay According to Green, D. M. (1979), the term sonata has usually been reserved for works which are performed by one or two players. Sonatas which have more performers are usually called trios for three players, quintets for four players, and orchestra symphonies for many performers. The history of the term sonata is not related to the history of genre itself during the sixteenth century and before because sonata means a piece to be played on instruments and could denote to any type of instrumental compositions. But in genre, sonata is a piece consisting of several sections for one or more instruments. The author also said that in the seventeenth century, the sonatas history was very complicated. During that time, two main classes of sonata emerged. It was usually written for two instruments such as violin with basso continuo, along with harpsichord and other instruments that can produce harmonies. The three movement and four movement types of sonata became standards in the first half of the eighteenth century after it emerged. The three movements usually consist of fast slow fast sections and it has been very common since the beginning of the eighteenth century. The four movements on the other hand, had two fast movements surrounding two middle movements. One of the middle movements is slow, the other will be a minuet. Then the last movement which is fast is usually the scherzo such as Beethovens Piano Sonata Op.2 No.1) Sonata form is a standard form and the most important type of large scale in the eighteenth century for instrumental music. According to Caplin, W.E. (1998), many historians and theorists consider it to be the periods most highly developed and complex compositional design, the one in which composers reveal their greatest technical skill and expressive potential. He also said that the sonata form continued to influence compositional practice in later musical periods and styles until the middle of the twentieth century. The Sonata form consists of three large scale functions which are the exposition, development and recapitulation. Sometimes there are two functions which is the exposition may be preceded by an introduction in a slow tempo and the recapitulation is followed by a coda. The Sonata Allegro, is also known as the first movement form. According to Rosen, C. (1988), this may be one of the most complex and tightly organized series of forms because of the tendency of the late eighteenth century to put a tremendous weight in the opening movement. In the first movement form, there are two sections. The opening bars give a strict tempo, a tonic, characteristic thematic material and texture to create frames. The first part of a sonata form is called the exposition then it goes to development which indicated that the section is often devoted to the motivic development based on the themes heard in the exposition. Lastly is the term recapitulation which indicates the return of a number of themes rather than a single one. According to Rosen, C. (1988), the exposition of a sonata form is a thematic material that articulates a movement from tonic to dominant in various ways so that it takes on the character of the piece that it is composed upon. This character can be defined as a large scale dissonance which the material is played outside of the tonic key. The sonata style did not create this dissonant concept but it is the first style to make it the useful force of an entire movement. This style can be achieved by a variety of procedures. The first procedure is to have a half cadence on the dominant of the dominant with a clear break of texture which is usually seen as V of V on V. It is usually reinforce before going to the tonicization of V. A half cadence on V is followed by a new theme on the dominant which is always seen on any sonata in Mozart and Haydn. The second procedure is a very common procedure and has always remained useful from the eighteenth century until the late of nineteenth century which is the sudden move to the dominant of the relative minor. It usually goes like V of vi to vi, V of V to V, V of V of V of V of V and V. The third procedure it about going to the dominant and remain there which is V of V and to V of V again. This make the music sounds like it has no meaning to want to move on. The fourth procedure is about the changes of texture and rhythm. It will change at the point of departure from the tonic, at the arrival of the dominant and at the confirmed cadence. There are two significant breaks in the harmonic rhythm and there is always a pause so to mark the two events of the exposition. It always begins at the beginning of the second group and at the end of the entire section. The first section is in an animated texture and it will modulate itself. The second section which is the dominant section will also have an animated rhythm toward the end and will have a harmonic rhythm that is against the animation by starting in at a faster rhythm and ending with a stable rhythm. The fifth procedure is that it may be useful to summarize the articulation by theme briefly and a new theme has sometimes a different character which may arrive when the modulation to the dominant key is completed. In order to articulate the movement to the dominant, the first theme might be played in a new key or a part of the theme is played more complex, moving and unstable. This method is usually used by Haydn and it requires longer and more varied modulatory sections between the opening and the dominant section. The eighth procedure is that modulation in an exposition need preparation and this is where we can see the one of the revolutionary side of the sonata style. The dominant is treated as a dissonant tonality in the exposition. The ninth procedure is about the interchange between the harmony and rhythm. It may show us something from some classical expositions such as a move away from the tonic and can be imperative if the initial cadence on the tonic has been final. Rosen, C. (1988) said that the term development consists of two meanings and is also partly overlapped. The first is that it indicates both central section of a sonata. The second is a series of techniques of thematic transformation. The function of development is distributed over both the exposition and recapitulation part and also sometimes in the coda part too. The techniques of the thematic transformation are fragmentation, deformation, used of themes in an imitative contrapuntal texture, transposition and arrangement in a rapidly modulating sequence. There are three main places in a sonata movement where the development is most likely to occur which is the modulation to V in the exposition, second phrase of the recapitulation which often goes to the secondary development section, the development section proper and sometimes found in the coda section. The central section of a sonata form has two different functions which are development and transition. The development usually cre ates polarization and then delays the resolution but the transition prepares the resolution. Rosen, C. (1988) also said that the recapitulation can be said as the most fundamental and radical innovation of the sonata style. This concept is usually found in the Baroque binary forms but for sonata it does not occurs because the sonata does not like binary forms. It sometimes repeats all or parts of the exposition which are transposed into tonic. In the sonata, there is a reinterpretation of the pattern of the exposition and a transformation of articulated movement away from stability into an affirmation of a stable area. This section always exhibits a great variety of forms as the exposition and the development. The form of recapitulation is always determined by the development section as by the exposition on which everything begins from there which is their base. The more dramatic tension is build up by the development section, the more elaborate the measures are taken in the recapitulation section to ease and solve the dramatic tension. The recapitulation can continue the th ematic development while it is resolving the harmonic tension. 2.2 Introduction of the First Movement The first movement, Grave then allegro con brio begins in C minor. The time signature is in 4/4 time. This movement reveals his characteristics such as manly, earnest, painful and passionate. According to Elterlein, E. V. (1920), at the beginning of the first movement, it seemed restraint but sometimes fire breaks out here and there. After that the fire will immediately ease out. But just as the allegro con brio comes in, the fire breaks out again and this time it explodes and became even stronger in E flat minor. Then in D flat major, a soft, soothing voice pleading the storm to retrain itself. After a moments pause which the passage is marked grave; the storm begins to break out and with increased intensity in E minor. Then it became calmer after it modulates to F minor and C minor. A third grave appears and then a last short outburst, followed by a great calmness. The grave which is repeated three times in the first movement is special and it is not written repeatedly by the composer for no reason because the composer might have his own reasons for repeating them and is also to remind us of the introduction to the work. This movement gives the impression that the composer has very strong determination. 2.3 An analysis of the First Movement The passage which is marked grave starts in bar 1 to 10. Then it repeats again in bars 133 until 136. It repeats the third and final time in bars 295 until 298. The difference of the passage is that it starts at a different key but it still plays the same rhythmic pattern. The beginning of the piece is the exposition from bars 1 until 26 because in bar 27 the key of c minor has modulated to the dominant key which is G major. The development starts to build up after modulating from c minor to G major. In the development section, there are modulations which are from G major to Eb minor and then it goes back to G major from bars 27 till 130, including first and second house. After that the piece goes back to the grave passage in the key of G major and then modulates to E major in bar 137. Later it modulates to D major in bar 142 then to G minor in bar 147. It returns back to G major in bars 167 till 186. Before going to recapitulation part, the piece returns to C minor in bars 195 till 220. The recapitulation part is from bars 221 until the end. It is in the key of f minor from bars 221 until 252 before modulating to c minor from bars 253 till 268. Then it modulates back to f minor from bars 254 till 298. The grave passage appears again for the third and last time from bars 295 till 298. The theme in c minor after the grave passage is repeated for the final time as the first movements ending from bars 299 until 309. The piece started in grave tempo in bar 1, it started in fortepiano (fp) which means it is played loud, then immediately soft and it lasted for 3 bars. The sforzando (sf) which means it is played with accent on the first beat of bar 4 then gradually moved to piano (p) which means soft on the second beat in bar 4. There is a crescendo (cresc.) to make it gradually go back to sforzando. In bar 5, it is played in piano (p) then suddenly in fortissimo (ff) which means very loud. In bar 6, it returned back to piano (p) and is played softly until bar 8 where a crescendo emerges. Then a sforzando and immediate piano (p) is played until the ending of the grave theme in bar 10. Then it goes into the Allegro di molto e con brio tempo meaning it is played in the quick and very animated tempo. In bar 11, the dynamic is in piano (p) then there is a crescendo starting from bars 15 18 and went back to playing softly in bars 19 22. The crescendo emerges again in bars 23 26 and went back soft in b ar 27 but the melody on the right hand are reinforced especially on the octaves which are played in bar 27, 28, 31 and 32. The crescendo emerges again in bar 35. In bars 38, 42, 45 48, some of the notes are being accented and goes back to playing softly in bars 49 84. There is a decrescendo in bar 85 because it gets gradually softer to prepare the bar which needs to be played in pianissimo (pp) in bar 88 only and then it returns back to piano on the following bar which is bar 89. There is a crescendo from bars 93 98 so that it is played gradually getting louder towards forte (f) which means loud from bars 99 100. Then immediately became soft again from bars 101 104 and the crescendo emerges again to go to forte in bars 111 112 and again it immediately became soft again in bars 113 116. The crescendo emerges again and gradually gets louder to forte in bars 121 131. Finally, it ended with fortissimo in bar 132 before beginning on the second grave theme. The second grave theme began in fortepiano (fp) and ended it pianissimo in bar 136. Allegro molto e con brio tempo is played again for the second time. It begins softly then crescendo in bar 137 and it gradually goes loud in bar 139 then goes back soft in bar 140. The crescendo is again appearing in bar 143 and gradually becomes louder again in bar 145 then goes back soft in bar 146. Starting from bar 163, it is played softly until bar 167 which it is being played even more softly because it is written pianissimo (pp). It was played in pianissimo until bar 186 which sometimes in between those bars there are crescendos and sforzandos which are written on the score. In bar 187, the fortepiano (fp) returns for a while and gradually becomes softer to piano. Starting from bars 195 284, it is played softly but in between there are a few crescendos and sforzandos. There is also forte in bars 263 264. Forte (f) is played from bars 285 onwards until it reach fortissimo (ff) in bars 293 294 . The final grave theme comes in and it is played softly instead of fortepiano (fp). It gradually became louder then gradually became softer to pianissimo (pp). The first movement ended with fortissimo (ff) which it ended with a very loud ending. The pedal points which are found in the score are mostly consists of the tonic pedal and the dominant pedal. The tonic pedal in c minor is played from bar 11 until bar 15, bar 195 until 199, bar 203 until 207, bar 253 until 254, bar 265 until 266, bar 281, bar 285 until 289 and also from bar 299 until 303. The dominant of c minor are from bar 17 until 18, bar 25 until 27, bar 280, bar 284 and in bar 292. The dominant pedal of e flat minor is from bar 35 until 62, bar 76 until 78, bar 84 and bar 87 until 88. The dominant pedal of A flat major is from bar 89 until 90, bar 101 until 102, bar 117 and bar 121 until 125. The tonic pedals are bar 115, bar 119 and bar 129. The dominant pedal of D major is from bar 141 until 142 and the tonic pedal is from bar 143 until 145. The dominant pedal of f minor is from bar 221 until 230 and bar 245. In bar 246, there is only the tonic pedal. There are suspensions in the first movement. From bars 25 until 26, there is a 4 3 suspension in G major. From bars 46 until 47 and bars 48 until 49, there is a 4 3 suspension in those bars in e flat minor. There is a 7 6 suspension in E major in bar 141. There is a 6 5 suspension from bars 173 until 174, bars 181 until 182, bars 183 until 184 and bars 185 until 186 in G major. There is a 4 3 and 6 5 suspension in bars 201 until 202 in c minor. 2.3.1 This is a table of the analysis of the first movement. The Graves theme that appear in the first movement of the piano sonata. The modulations which are found in the first movement of this piano sonata. Bars 1 10 Begins in the key of c minor. Bars 11 26 The key still remains in c minor. Bars 27 50 The key is modulated to G major in bar 27 and remains in that key until bar 50. Bars 51 92 The key is modulated to e flat minor in bar 51 and remains in that key until bar 92. Bars 93 132 The key is modulated to A flat major in bar 93 and remains in that key until bar 132. Bars 133 136 The key is modulated to G major in bar 133 and remains in G major for 4 bars. Bars 137 141 The key is modulated to E major in bar 137 and remain in E major for a short while. Bars 142 146 The key is modulated to D major in bar 142 and remain in D major for a few bars. Bars 147 166 The key is modulated to g minor in bar 147 and lasted in the same key until bar 166. Bars 167 194 The key is modulated in G major in bar 167 and remain in the same key until bar 194. Bars 195 220 The key is modulated back to c minor in bar 195 and remain at the same key for 5 bars. Bars 221 258 The key is modulated to f minor in bar 221 and it remains in the same key until bar 258. Bars 259 268 The key is again modulated back to c minor in bar 259 and remain in c minor until bar 268. Bars 269 284 The key is modulated to f minor in bar 269 and remain in f minor until bar 284. Bars 285 310(ending of first movement). It goes back to c minor in bar 285 and ends perfectly in the tonic chord in bar 309. Bar 310 are a long pause and a semibreve. The dynamic markings which are written on the first movement of this piano sonata by the composer. Bar 1 3 Fortepiano(fp) is on the first beat of every bar. Bar 3 A sudden sforzando (sf) on the third beat of the bar. Bar 4 On the first beat issfthen gradually getting softer to piano(p) on the second beat of the bar. There is a crescendo(cresc.) then a sfon the last beat of the bar. Bar 5 6 On the first beat is pand the third beat is played in fortissimo(ff). Bar 7 This bar is played in p. Bar 8 A crescendois written in this bar to prepare for the sf in the next bar. Bar 9 Sf is played on the first beat and is immediately soft to p. Bar 10 It is played in p. On the last beat and a half, it is played in sf with a pause sign. Bars 11 14 Is played in p. Bars 15 18 A crescendois written and so it is played gradually getting louder. Bars 19 22 It is played in p. Bars 23 26 A crescendois played. Bar 27 It is played in p. On the third beat of the bar, there is rforzando(rf). Bar 28 There is rfon the third beat of the bar. Bars 31 32 There is sfon both bars on the third beat. Bars 33 34 They are played in p. Bars 35 37 A crescendois played. Bar 38 42 There is sfon the first beat of both bars. Bars 39 41 Bars 43 44 They are played in p. Bars 45 48 The sfdynamic are played on the third beat in every bar. Bars 49 87 They are played in p. Bars 53 54, bars 61 62 bars 69 70 The sfis played on the first beat of every bar which is mentioned while still maintaining pfrom bars 49 87. Bar 79 There is rfon the second beat of the bar. Bars 85 87 There is a decrescendoto prepare for bar 88. Bar 88 It is played in pianissimo(pp). Bars 89 92 It is played in p. Bars 93 98 A crescendois played to build up the tension for the next bar. Bars 99 100 It is played in forte(f). Bars 101 104 It is played in p. Bars 105 110 A crescendois played to build up the tension for the next bar. Bars 111 112 It is played in f. Bars 113 116 It is played in p. Bars 117 120 A crescendois played to build up the tension for the next bar. Bars 121 131 It is played in f. Bar 132 This bar is played in fortissimo(ff). Bars 133 135 Fpis played on every bar but in bar 135 it is played in pon the third beat. Bar 136 There is a decrescendoon the first beat and ends with ppon the last beat of the bar. Bar 137 The first beat is played in pand then a crescendois started on the third beat of the bar. Bar 139 It is played in f. Bars 140 142 It is played in p. Bars 143 144 A crescendo is played. Bar 145 It is played in f. Bars 146 148 It is played in pimmediately in bar 146. Bars 149 162 A crescendois played. Bars 163 166 It is played in p. Bars 167 170 It is played in pp. Bars 171 174 A crescendois played. Bars 175 178 It is played in pp. Bars 179 186 A crescendois played. Bar 181, 183 185 The sfis on the third beat of these bars. Bar 187 The first beat is played fp. Bars 188 198 It is played in pbut on the second beat of bar 198 the sf is played. Bars 199 202 A crescendois played. Bars 203 206 It is played in p but in bar 205, there is sfon the third beat. Bars 207 218 Crescendosare played from bars 207 until 210. Pis played on the first beat of bar 211 and then on the third beat a crescendois played. The same goes in bar 215. Bars 219 250 Pis played but in bar 223, 224, 231, 232,239 and 240 have sfon the first beat. There is a decrescendoin bar 245 and it gradually gets softer until it reaches bar 250. Bars 251 252 It is played in pp. Bars 253 256 It is played in p. Bars 257 262 A crescendois played. Bars 263 264 It is played in f. Bars 265 268 It is played in p. Bars 269 274 A crescendois played. Bars 275 276 It is played in f. Bars 277 280 It is played in p. Bars 281 284 A crescendois played. Bars 285 292 It is played in f. Bars 293 294 It is played in ff. Bars 295 296 It is played in p. Bars 297 The crescendostarts on the second beat. On the third beat, there is sfand it gradually gets softer. Bars 298 Decrescendois played and the third beat is played in pp. Bars 299 302 It is played in p. Bars 303 304 A crescendois played. Bars 305 310(end of first movement) It is played in ff. The pedal points which are in the first movement. C minor Tonic pedal Bars 11 15, bars 19 23, bars 195 199, bars 203 207, bars 253 254, bars 265 266, bar 281, bars 285 289 and bars 299 303. Dominant pedal Bars 17 18, bars 25 27, bar 280, bar 284 and bar 292. E flat minor Dominant pedal Bars 35 62, bars 76 78, bar 84 and bars 87 88. A flat major Dominant pedal Bars 89 90, bars 101 102, bar 117 and bars 121 125. Tonic pedal Bar 115, bar 119 and bar 129. D major Dominant pedal Bars 141 142. Tonic pedal Bars 143 145. F minor Dominant pedal Bars 221 230 and bar 245. Tonic pedal Bar 246. Suspensions which are found in the first movement Key Suspension Bar C minor 4 3 Bars 26 27 E flat minor 4 3 Bars 46 47 E flat minor 4 3 Bars 48 49 E major 7 6 Bar 141 G major 6 5 Bars 173 174 G major 6 5 Bars 181 182 G major 6 5 Bars 183 184 G major 6 5 Bars 185 186 C minor 4 3 and 6 5 Bars 201 202 2.4 An Analysis of scores edition According to Badura-Skoda, E. (1994), sometimes a serious musician feels agitated about a previously trusted edition. For example, the musician is disturbed by an articulation mark or by a piano sign in a passage that he or she thinks should be played in loudly. After looking at other editions, the author discovered that printed editions of the same work often contradict each other. There are some editions which proudly labeled themselves as Ur-text but some might not be favoured by the musicians. The term Ur-text also means original or authenticity. The author said that a good Ur-text edition always states which markings are the composers and which are editorial additions by printing them in italic or parentheses and further explanations are written in footnotes. There should be a preface to inform the musician about the editors addition. The Beethovens piano sonata in c minor, op.13 Pathetique first movement piano score that will be used are the ABRSM version and the G. Henle Verlags Urtext version. They will be compared to which edition is the best to be used by everyone who is interested in playing this piece. G.Henle Verlags Urtext Version ABRSM Version This movement consists of 8 pages. For example, see Appendix I. This movement consists of 10 pages. For example, see Appendix II. The title is written in German. For example, view Example 1.0. The title is written in English. For example, view Example 1.1. The score also includes the year that it was composed. For example, see Example 1.0. The score in this version did not include the year that it was composed by the composer. For example, see Example 1.1. The score is not altered by the editor. For example, see Example 1.2. It is bar 1 of the first movement. The score is a bit altered by the editor. For example, see Example 1.3. It is bar 1 of the first movement. The arrangement of the melody and chords are the same as what the composer had written. For example, see Example 1.2. It is bar 1 of the first movement. The arrangement of the melody and chords are slightly altered especially in page 1 (Gravepart). For example, see Example 1.3. It is bar 1 of the first movement. There are no pedal markings. For example, see Example 1.4. There are pedal markings written on the score by the editor. For example, see Example 1.5. There are no staccatissimo in the score. For example see Example 1.6. There are staccatissimo in some bars. For example, see Example 1.7. The fingering markings are written as followed by the composer. For example, see Example 1.8. This is in bar 10. The fingering are slightly different than what was written by the composer because that is the editors fingering after deciding that the fingering the editor used is easier to be played than the composers given fingering. For example, see Example 1.9. This is in bar 10. Example 1.0 Example 1.1 Example 1.2 Example 1.3 Example 1.4 Example 1.5 Example 1.6 Example 1.7 Example 1.8 Example 1.9 After comparing and analyzing both versions, there are pros and cons in using either one of the versions of this first movement from this piano sonata. It seems that the ABRSM version is a better version to be used in the 21st century for any musicians who wished to play this piano sonata. The Urtext version of the piano sonata consists of eight pages of the first movement but the ABRSM version of the piano sonata has ten pages of the first movement. The ABRSM version has the piano sonata name written in English but for the Urtext version, it is written in german. The Urtext version and the ABRSM version also includes what the composer had been written on the score which is Beethoven dedicated this piano sonata to Prince Lichnowsky. Only the Urtext version included which year it was composed although they were all written in German. On the other hand, the ABRSM version of this piano sonata, this version did not include when the piano sonata was composed although it was written in Eng lish. The Urtext version of the first movement does not have pedal markings on the score but the ABRSM have meaning that the editor has added his own opinion on how the first movement should be played. The Urtext version of the first movement does not have pedal markings and is maybe because it follows what the composer had written. There is also a possibility that the editor wants the pianist to apply the pedal on the chord or bar which is suitable to the pianist own technique of playing the piano for that piano sonatas first movement. In the G.Henles Urtext version of the first movement of this piano sonata, the score is still the same as what the composer, Beethoven had written. The editor of this book did not want to change anything on what the composer had written because he wanted to preserve the originality of the score. But, in the ABRSM book, the editor had slightly altered the originality of the score because the editor tried to make it easier and understandable for the pianist w ho wants to play the composers pieces. For example, the arrangements in bar 1 of the first movement, in the Urtext version of this first movement, the c minor chords are all written in the bass line with only the middle c on the treble clef line but in the ABRSM version they appear different. The ABRSM version has both lines with chords. Another example is that the Urtext version does not have staccatissimo on their scores. They have only staccatos written on the scores but in ABRSM it is slightly different. Some of the notes in the ABRSM version are played in staccatissimo which is written by the editor of the ABRSM edition. The staccatissimo is written on the score by the editor and is most possibly the editors suggestion on whether to play it in staccatissimo rather than in staccato. On the other hand, the Urtext version is only written in staccato and it might be possible that the editor wants the pianist who is playing this piano sonatas first movement to play it with their own preferred technique, creativity or just want them to follow what was originally written on the score. The fingering on the first movement is slightly different after comparing both versions. The Urtext version follows according to what the composer had written but the ABRSM version of fingerings for this first movement is according to the editors fingering. It might be even easier for some pianist to follow his fingering. The finger markings which are on both versions can be used but it also depends on the pianist on which is most suitable for him or her to use while playing the first movement of the piano sonata. Some pianist will prefer the Urtext version because it is tidier, lesser pages and lesser markings. It might be possible that they prefer it too because it is almost like the original version of the piano sonata that was written by Beethoven and the pianist have more freedom in applying other playing techniques on the first movement while playing it without getting distracted by the markings on the score. But, some pianist would prefer the ABRSM version because it might be possible that they must follow what the

The Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion Social Work Essay

The Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion Social Work Essay Health, Wellbeing and Quality of Life is defined in different ways due to circumstances of the person it represents comparing age and gender brings different results as so does the economic status of the person and what social class they belong Blaxter (1990) study of health and lifestyle of 9000 people in the UK showed that a percentage of people could not tell when they were healthy only that they knew when they are unwell peoples perceptions of health show in studies that the elderly define health and quality of life as being able to move around where as a younger person might think running a marathon or going to a gym make you healthy. Disease can have a major negative impact on health and wellbeing feeling that a label has been placed on someone makes them feel that they are now classed as defective and this knocks confidence to improve their situation and they fail to regain a better quality of life Exploring different sectors of society we see a bigger picture that health, wel lbeing and quality of life means different things to everyone Elderly people have experienced many changes over the years physically and mentally their bodies no longer agile as when they were young making simple tasks around the home a challenge mobility has one of the biggest impacts stair climbing and general moving around safely in the home impact on how the older person feels their quality of life is now compared to how they were younger physical impairments sight and hearing loss weakening of limbs and arthritic conditions makes the person feel they can no longer lead a fulfilling life and fear losing their independence With health promotion to improve the quality of life of elderly people service improvements can be put into place including community care and day centres (Hubley and Copeman 2010 p104) provisions to make the home safer and providing equipment such as walking aids and stairlifts which the local authority may help to fund also the local council can supply nutritious meals through its meals on wheels service ensuring the elderly person gets hot food. Another major factor in the United Kingdom that affects quality of life and health is housing according to the World Health Organization the conditions of living in insufficient housing has contributing factors to numerous avertable maladies amongst these include respirational problems, nervous system, diseases of the heart and cancer So for the lower class people those who fall into the scale of poverty, homeless including those living in temporary accommodation and the unemployed their quality of life will be impaired as there are very little options in where they reside with council and housing waiting lists at an all-time high over 1.7 million households are currently waiting for social housing (Shelter 2012) private rented accommodation is another option but with unscrupulous landlords looking to make easy money and not maintaining their properties people are living in dangerous and unhealthy conditions properties may have damp issues which affect the respiratory system causing such ailments as asthma and bronchitis as well as suffering more colds and flu although these are treatable with medication or by moving home then a person can regain a better quality of life another problem facing the lower class is stress living in unsuitable accommodation or in a poor run-down neighbourhoods with anti-social problems such as drug abuse and noise the stress can put a strain on family relationships causing arguments and unhappiness the area may not be safe for children to play out and this affects the quality of life not only of adults but children suffer too and this may affect their schooling by ill health causing time off on the other scale of the ladder we see people who are in steady employment and have the finances to purchase their own property in areas of their own choosing these people have a better quality of life and health as they have the finances for improved medical and health treatment and with the satisfaction of achievement of having better things owning a home, career, financial security, car and holidays Most have found they are in the sector who are enjoying health, wellbeing and quality of life A decent home is fundamental to peoples well-being (Shelter 2007) One of the most traumatic and stressful things a person can go through in life is finding themselves homeless there are many reasons why this may happen a private landlord may decide to sell the house they have been leasing out or it could be a breakdown of a relationship or having to flee domestic violence there have been a significant amount of homes being repossessed as people cant keep up the mortgage payments due to job loss, ill health or financial problems There are also other reasons why a person might find themselves homeless such as a person from another country seeking asylum in the UK everyones experience of homelessness is different for some people they will find themselves staying with family or friends others especially families who cannot be found a home immediately will be placed in temporary accommodation where they may have to share facilities such as bathroom and kitchen this can make a person feel degraded accommodation may not be found in the local vicinity meaning people may be far away from family and friends and they can feel isolated For those not so fortunate to have temporary accommodation because of issues such as mental health, drug and alcohol abuse these people may find themselves sleeping rough on the streets or squatting in unsafe and unsanitary conditions the charity St Mungos based in London hold a survey of the homeless people who attend their centre each year and the findings show that there is very poor health amongst the homeless people as shown in their 2012 survey 64% had a physical health condition and 70% were suffering mental health problems (see Appendix A,B and C) the survey clearly shows that most of the homeless people suffered a poor quality of health for some a change is possible with medication to improve mental health or people addressing their addictions and seeking help from medical or self-help group taking responsibility will empower the person to lead a better life with the possibility of getting a home and job a person can then gain back a good quality of life Everyone has a responsibility for their own health and well-being for others higher up the social ladder this is easier as they have safer cleaner living conditions and access to private medical care and facilities where this may be impossible for others such as the homeless and gypsys who are constantly moving around and may not have access to facilities education can play a good part in giving advice to these sectors especially on the importance of childhood vaccinations to prevent the spread of diseases and infections such as chicken pox, Measles and whooping cough and provide advice to the elderly who may need care for arthritis and other ageing conditions with health promotion members of the community who are trusted can relay the information and help improve the communities health. the Government and National Health Service have set up many schemes to help people with addictions, healthy eating, exercise and unemployment initiatives Charitys such as Shelter provide help on hous ing crisis and homelessness and Age UK help promote advice and services to help the elderly community It is possible with knowledge to make changes and to some degree people can experience health, wellbeing and quality of life. Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C ,

Alice Munros Boys and Girls :: Boys and Girls, Alice Munro

Alice Munro's "Boys and Girls" Alice Munro's short story, "Boys and Girls," has a very interesting detail written into it. The narrator's brother is named Laird, which was carefully chosen by the author. Laird is a synonym for lord, which plays a important role in a story where a young girl has society's unwritten rules forced upon her. At the time of the story, society did not consider men and women equal. The name symbolized how the male child was superior in the parents' eyes and in general. Along with that, the name also symbolizes the difference between the sexes when this story took place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time when this story took place was a time when men and women were not equal. Mothers had traditional roles, which usually left them in the house, while men also had their roles, outside of the house. The male was the dominant figure in the house, while the woman had to be subservient. It was an off thing to see my mother down at the barn. She did not often come out of the house unless it was to do something - hang out the wash or dig potatoes in the garden. She looked out of place, with her bare lumpy legs, not touched by the sun, her apron still on and damp across the stomach from the supper dishes.1 The narrator had problems coming to terms with the role in life that she was expected to lead. She wanted to work outside with her father doing the work that she deemed important. The mother tried to get the narrator to work inside doing work deemed appropriate for a lady, however it was not something she enjoyed. "I hated the hot dark kitchen in the summer" (p. 530). The narrator was not considered of any consequential help to her father, simply because she was female. "Could of fooled me," said the salesman. "I thought it was only a girl" (p. 529). Even though the narrator could do more work than her younger brother, she was still under appreciated. "Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then you'll have a real help" (p. 530). Laird, on the other hand, was able to go out and do the things that he enjoyed. When Flora, the family's horse, runs away Laird is invited to join the father and his assistant to re-capture the horse, while the narrator must stay at home. When the narrator is reminiscing of the past, she recalls a time when she lured Laird up to the top of the barn. The whole purpose of this idea was

The War of 1812 Essays -- History, The Battle of Baltimore

The War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain. This all started on June 12, 1812 and finished sometime in 1815. Many of the battles were on land but also there were a lot of sea battles. The United States declared War because there were many different disputes among the two countries. The main target for the British is the American ships (War of 1812, 2). The battle of Baltimore was one of the most important battles of the war. The U.S. Naval forces were under Commodore Macdonough. They beat a British fleet at Lake Champlain. Baltimore was home of U.S. privateers and also, Baltimore was the third largest city in the U.S. On September twelfth, the British ships arrive at Baltimore. They were under command by General Ross(War of 1812, 2). The Battle of Raisin River was on January twenty first, 1813. General Winchester was the commander of the United States forces. In this battle, the U.S forces were in three different divisions in order to attack the British forces at the right time in Detroit. One of the groups went off mission and went to find food and a place to sleep because of the cold weather. There were 700 Kentuckians. They eventually went to a battle and captured a Frenchtown market and set up camp there. It was a very bad defense system. Because of that, they were attacked by 1,200 Brits and 1400 Indians. Around 15 U.S. troops escaped. At the end of the battle, the U.S had 100 dead and around 500 troops held captive. They then surrendered to British Colonel Henry A. Proctor (American History, 4). The Battle of Lake Erie was fought on September 10, 1813. The U.S. forces were under command of Perry. Th... ...ort Malden, but he failed to take it. He then moved on and the British had more troops moving in and Hull surrenders to the British (War of 1812, 1). The War of 1812 ended in 1815 (War of 1812 Web, 2). Some people say that the British won the war and the Americans lost but to me, it is an even match only because the Treaty of Ghent and most of the War was over by that reason. The Americans got a lot of respect for withstanding the British Empire. The country had a great outcome even though the American’s lost a lot of troops, the government help strong. There are many heroes in the War of 1812, but the most recognized ones are, Judah Touro, a Philanthropist, Jean Lafitte, a Buccaneer leader, Uriah Phillips Levy, the first Jewish Commodore of the U.S. Navy, and Captain Mordecai Myers, part of the 13th Pennsylvania Infantry (National Archives and Records, 3).

Brief History Of Library Automation: 1930-1996 :: essays research papers fc

Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996 An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the library's key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it is possible to return to past centuries when visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist with their book lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the French "Book Wheel" allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on a pedal that turned a book table. Another interesting example was the "Book Indicator", developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature books to represent books in the library's collection. The miniature books were part of a design that made it possible to determine if a book was in, out or overdue. These and many more examples of early ingenuity in library systems exist, however, this paper will focus on the more recent computer automation beginning in the early twentieth century. The Beginnings of Library Automation: 1930-1960 It could be said that library automation development began in the 1930's when punch card equipment was implemented for use in library circulation and acquisitions. During the 30's and early 40's progress on computer systems was slow which is not surprising, given the Depression and World War II. In 1945, Vannevar Bush envisioned an automated system that would store information, including books, personal records and articles. Bush(1945) wrote about a hypothetical "memex" system which he described as a mechanical library that would allow a user to view stored information from several different access points and look at several items simultaneously. His ideas are well known as the basis for hypertext and mputers for their operations. The first appeared at MIT, in 1957, with the development of COMIT, managing linguistic computations, natural language and the ability to search for a particular string of information. Librarians then moved beyond a vision or idea for the use of computers, given the technology, they were able make great advances in the use of computers for library systems. This lead to an explosion of library automation in the 60's and 70's. Library Automation Officially is Underway: 1960-1980 The advancement of technology lead to increases in the use of computers in libraries. In 1961, a significant invention by both Robert Noyce of Intel and Jack Kirby of Texas Instruments, working independently, was the integrated circuit. All the components of an electronic circuit were placed onto a single "chip" of silicon. This invention of the integrated circuit and newly developed disk and tape storage devices gave computers the speed, storage and ability

Medical Laboratory Technologist

Have you ever wondered what a Medical Laboratory Technologist does? Well, a Medical Laboratory Technologist performs essential laboratory testing that is critical to the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. To define the work of a Medical Laboratory Technologist, this paper will discuss the job itself and its working conditions, the skills and schooling needed for success, a salary range and pathways to advance in the field, and the further job opportunities predicted for the career area. Well, a Medical Laboratory Technologist, also known as clinical laboratory technologists they examine and analyze body fluids and cells. They look for different types of bacteria, parasites, other microorganisms, body fluids of chemical content, and many others procedures. Their conditions they are trained to work with different infectious specimens. They are to follow the Standard Precautions, which include wearing your personal protective equipment (PPE) consists of gloves, masks, goggles, and gowns. Medical Laboratory Technologist works in different sizes and employment setting. Usually medical laboratory technologist keep their areas clean, but their time when specimen solutions are being used, they spend lots of hours on their feet. And work in different hours depending of work area they in. To be a medical laboratory technologist one's usual requirements is to have a bachelor's degree with a major in medical technology or life sciences. And an associate degree and completion of accredited medical laboratory technician program. Read this  Respiratory Activity Well a medical laboratory technologist skill is to know problem solving to be able to perform plenty of tests and need to be able to assess further tests. Must be able to know how to use lab equipment to conduct performance checks and to maintain lab equipment. So they must be trained in order to be able to use the equipments. Know how to read the specimens and lab results of patients. Must have a good judgment, good communication skills, having respect of safety regulations, to work in a team, and to work under pressure at all times. The advancement that medical laboratory technologist the range is $45,700 for staff to $66,500 for managers. â€Å"The median annual wages for medical technologists were $53,500 as of May 2008. The highest 10 percent were paid more than $74,690, while the lowest 10 percent were paid less than $36,180. The middle 50 percent were paid between $44,560 and $63,430†. A different branch of medical laboratory technologist has different wages for example: Cytotechnologist in the hospital it $27. 55, a private clinic its $28. 75, and physician’s office laboratory is $26. 4. The benefit of being medical laboratory technologist is. The job outlook on medical laboratory technologist is it growing very rapidly and excellent job opportunities are very expected. It expected to grow â€Å"by 14 percent between 2008 and 2018, faster than the average for all occupations†. But it said â€Å"hospitals are expected to continue to be the major employer of clinical laboratory workers, employment is expected also to grow rapidly in medical laboratory, offices of physicians and other ambulatory health care services†. And also their jobs in molecular diagnostics, molecular biotechnology companies, in vitro fertilization laboratories, and research laboratories. The work of a Medical Laboratory Technologist is very demanding and must be focus at all times in order to get the correct results and complex. Why understanding the aspects of the career mentioned above is important for the person building a resume for success in this field, because it important for the person to understand the concept the career if he or she wishes to go into that career for long-term to get fully understanding of this jobs.

Status of women in ISLAM

Outline woman-as vital to life as man himself Islam gives woman rights and privileges, never grated before Quran addresses men and women Jointly Modern woman seeks rights by force Woman has equal share In every aspect of life She is equal In responsibilities She is equal in pursuit in knowledge She is entitled to equal freedom of expression Islam determines her share in inheritance A misconception regarding this share & her witness to civil contact Some advantages woman enjoys more than the man Veil-not a hindrance rather a blessing for woman ConclusionThe status of woman In Islam constitutes no problem. The attitude of the Qur'an and the early Muslims bear witness to the fact that the woman Is, at least, as vital to life as man himself. Had it not been for the impact of foreign cultures and alien influences, this question would have never arisen among the Muslims. The status of woman was taken for granted to equal to that of man. It was a matter of course, a matter of fact. and no o ne. then. considered it as a problem at all. There is a lot of talk about woman's rights in Pakistan and other Muslim countries these days.The Western media is projecting a very gruesome and poor plight of woman in Muslim countries with the intension of distorting the true image of Islam. Unfortunately, this propaganda is proving quite effective and the entire west and a small section of females in our society have misinterpreted Islam as being the cause of their troubles instead of the Aryan culture that we have inherited. In order to understand what Islam has established for woman, there is no need to deplore her plight in the pre- Islamic era or in the modern world ot today.Islam has given woman rights and rivileges which she has never enjoyed under other religious or constitutional systems. This can be understood when the matter Is studied as a whole In a comparative manner, rather than partially. The rights and responsibilities of a woman are equal to those of man but they are not necessarily identical with them. Equality and sameness are two quite different things. This difference Is unaerstanaaDle Decause man ana woman are not laentlcal out tney are created equals. With this distinction in mind, there is no problem.It is almost impossible to find even two identical men or women. Islam was revealed at time when people denied the humanity of the woman. Some were skeptical about it; and still others admitted it, yet considered the woman a thing created for the humble service of the man. With the advent of Islam, circumstances improved for the woman. The woman's dignity and humanity were acknowledged for the first time. Islam confirmed woman's capacity to carry out Allah's commands, her responsibilities and observations of the commands that lead to the heaven.Islam considers woman as a worthy human being, with an equal share in humanity to that of the man. Both are two branches of a single tree and two children from the same father, Adam, and mother, Eve. T he status of woman in Islam is something unique that has no parallel in any other religion. In the midst of the darkness that engulfed the world, the divine revelation echoed in the wide desert of Arabia with a fresh, noble, and universal message to humanity: â€Å"O mankind!Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], and from them both He created many men and woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (An-Nisa:l)†. Stressing this noble nd natural conception, then the Holy Quran states: â€Å"He (God) it is Who did create you from a single soul and there from did create his mate, that he might dwell with her (in love)†. (Quran 7:189) In the early days of Islam when a girl was born, she was buried alive. This custom is still observed in Hinduism.However, the Holy Quran forbade this custom and considered it a crime like any other murder. The Holy Quran says: â€Å"And when the female (infant) buried alive- is qu estioned, for what crime was she killed? † (Quran 81:8-9) Far from saving the girl's life so that she may later suffer njustice and inequality, Islam requires kind and Just treatment to her. The saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in this regard, is following: â€Å"Whosoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not insult her, and does not favour his son over her, God will enter him into Paradise†.The Holy Quran provides us a clear- cut proof that woman is equal in all respects with man before Almighty God in terms of her rights and responsibilities. The Holy Quran states: â€Å"Every soul will be (held) in pledge for its deeds† (Quran 74:38) In terms of religious obligations, such as ffering daily prayers, fasting and pilgrimage, woman is no different from man. In some cases indeed, woman has certain advantages over man. For example woman can and did go into the mosque during the days of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and thereafter attending th e Friday prayers is optional for them while it is mandatory for men.This is clearly a tender touch of the Islamic teachings because of the fact that a woman may be nursing her baby and thus may be unable to offer prayers in mosque. They also take into account the physiological and psychological changes associated with her natural female functions. The right of females to seek knowledge is not different from that of males. When Islam enjoins the seeking of knowledge upon Muslims, it makes no distinction between man and woman. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), said: â€Å"Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim†.This declaration was very clear and was implemented by Muslims throughout history. According to a hadith attributed to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), he praised the woman of Madina because of their desire religious knowledge, â€Å"How splendid were tne women 0T tne Ansar; sname a a not prevent tnem Trom Decomlng learned In tne aith. † Under Islamic law, m arriage was no longer viewed as a â€Å"status† but rather as a â€Å"contract†, in which the woman's consent was imperative. The dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as a part of her personal property.The Holy Quran clearly indicates that marriage is sharing between the two halves of the society and its objectives are emotional well-being and spiritual harmony. Its bases are love and mercy. The rules for married life in Islam are clear and in harmony with upright human nature. In onsideration of the physiological and psychological make-up of man and woman, both have equal rights and claim on each other, except for one responsibility, that of leadership. This is a matter which is natural in any collective life and which is consistent with the nature of man. Status of women in ISLAM Outline woman-as vital to life as man himself Islam gives woman rights and privileges, never grated before Quran addresses men and women Jointly Modern woman seeks rights by force Woman has equal share In every aspect of life She is equal In responsibilities She is equal in pursuit in knowledge She is entitled to equal freedom of expression Islam determines her share in inheritance A misconception regarding this share & her witness to civil contact Some advantages woman enjoys more than the man Veil-not a hindrance rather a blessing for woman ConclusionThe status of woman In Islam constitutes no problem. The attitude of the Qur'an and the early Muslims bear witness to the fact that the woman Is, at least, as vital to life as man himself. Had it not been for the impact of foreign cultures and alien influences, this question would have never arisen among the Muslims. The status of woman was taken for granted to equal to that of man. It was a matter of course, a matter of fact. and no o ne. then. considered it as a problem at all. There is a lot of talk about woman's rights in Pakistan and other Muslim countries these days.The Western media is projecting a very gruesome and poor plight of woman in Muslim countries with the intension of distorting the true image of Islam. Unfortunately, this propaganda is proving quite effective and the entire west and a small section of females in our society have misinterpreted Islam as being the cause of their troubles instead of the Aryan culture that we have inherited. In order to understand what Islam has established for woman, there is no need to deplore her plight in the pre- Islamic era or in the modern world ot today.Islam has given woman rights and rivileges which she has never enjoyed under other religious or constitutional systems. This can be understood when the matter Is studied as a whole In a comparative manner, rather than partially. The rights and responsibilities of a woman are equal to those of man but they are not necessarily identical with them. Equality and sameness are two quite different things. This difference Is unaerstanaaDle Decause man ana woman are not laentlcal out tney are created equals. With this distinction in mind, there is no problem.It is almost impossible to find even two identical men or women. Islam was revealed at time when people denied the humanity of the woman. Some were skeptical about it; and still others admitted it, yet considered the woman a thing created for the humble service of the man. With the advent of Islam, circumstances improved for the woman. The woman's dignity and humanity were acknowledged for the first time. Islam confirmed woman's capacity to carry out Allah's commands, her responsibilities and observations of the commands that lead to the heaven.Islam considers woman as a worthy human being, with an equal share in humanity to that of the man. Both are two branches of a single tree and two children from the same father, Adam, and mother, Eve. T he status of woman in Islam is something unique that has no parallel in any other religion. In the midst of the darkness that engulfed the world, the divine revelation echoed in the wide desert of Arabia with a fresh, noble, and universal message to humanity: â€Å"O mankind!Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], and from them both He created many men and woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (An-Nisa:l)†. Stressing this noble nd natural conception, then the Holy Quran states: â€Å"He (God) it is Who did create you from a single soul and there from did create his mate, that he might dwell with her (in love)†. (Quran 7:189) In the early days of Islam when a girl was born, she was buried alive. This custom is still observed in Hinduism.However, the Holy Quran forbade this custom and considered it a crime like any other murder. The Holy Quran says: â€Å"And when the female (infant) buried alive- is qu estioned, for what crime was she killed? † (Quran 81:8-9) Far from saving the girl's life so that she may later suffer njustice and inequality, Islam requires kind and Just treatment to her. The saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in this regard, is following: â€Å"Whosoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not insult her, and does not favour his son over her, God will enter him into Paradise†.The Holy Quran provides us a clear- cut proof that woman is equal in all respects with man before Almighty God in terms of her rights and responsibilities. The Holy Quran states: â€Å"Every soul will be (held) in pledge for its deeds† (Quran 74:38) In terms of religious obligations, such as ffering daily prayers, fasting and pilgrimage, woman is no different from man. In some cases indeed, woman has certain advantages over man. For example woman can and did go into the mosque during the days of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and thereafter attending th e Friday prayers is optional for them while it is mandatory for men.This is clearly a tender touch of the Islamic teachings because of the fact that a woman may be nursing her baby and thus may be unable to offer prayers in mosque. They also take into account the physiological and psychological changes associated with her natural female functions. The right of females to seek knowledge is not different from that of males. When Islam enjoins the seeking of knowledge upon Muslims, it makes no distinction between man and woman. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), said: â€Å"Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim†.This declaration was very clear and was implemented by Muslims throughout history. According to a hadith attributed to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), he praised the woman of Madina because of their desire religious knowledge, â€Å"How splendid were tne women 0T tne Ansar; sname a a not prevent tnem Trom Decomlng learned In tne aith. † Under Islamic law, m arriage was no longer viewed as a â€Å"status† but rather as a â€Å"contract†, in which the woman's consent was imperative. The dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as a part of her personal property.The Holy Quran clearly indicates that marriage is sharing between the two halves of the society and its objectives are emotional well-being and spiritual harmony. Its bases are love and mercy. The rules for married life in Islam are clear and in harmony with upright human nature. In onsideration of the physiological and psychological make-up of man and woman, both have equal rights and claim on each other, except for one responsibility, that of leadership. This is a matter which is natural in any collective life and which is consistent with the nature of man.